2. Situla Benvenuti's detail illustrating a venetic noble devoted to libations. To notice are the emphasised face features and the kind of dresses, the venetic hat, the stiff wool cloak with metal bosses and the cornered boots. On the throne two rosettes symbolising nature's forces (foto Luciano Fincato - Editoriale Programma). VIEW

3. Another detail showing an attendant who takes care of a horse, maybe the shoeing. A lot of evidences emphasise the horse's figure in venetic culture: sign of prestige and economical resource connected to breeding and training, military endowment, but even supernatural creature shoving the cart towards the perfect bliss (foto Luciano Fincato - Editoriale Programma). VIEW

4. The situla of Certosa is dated at the beginning of V century B.C. and was found near Bologna. This finding is to ascribe to Villanova's Culture, spread out in Emilia-Romagna. The first period of this Culture shows typical venetic features, while the subsequent phase assumes an etruscan influence. Four are the decorative bands; the first one with a military parade, the second one describes a funeral procession; nobles present themselves dressing the venetic broad-brimmed hat and the cloak, while priestesses bring holy objects and attendants carry vessels of wine and lead offering animals. The third band illustrates other rituals, the fourth one a sequel of animals: a stag, wolfs, mythological winged lions (Santerno Edizioni s.a.s.). VIEW

5. Detail of the situla of Certosa: two venetic nobles play traditional instruments, zither and panpipes, sat upon a settee, while two dancers jump over wolf's head-shaped backs (Bompiani). VIEW

6. The situla of Vace (Slovenia) is dated at V Century B.C. Figures are allocated in three bands, the first one portrays a solemn parade of horses, knights, carts; the second one a sequel of holy scenes with priestesses and priests, the third one a line of magical animals (Editiones Veneti). VIEW

7. Detail of Vace's situla expressing a great sense of holiness, so for the posture and the attitude of the characters, as for their suit of clothes; it catches the eye for the peculiar likeness of the sacerdotal cap to the corno dogale, that is the cap used by the Doge and the Dogaressa (the Duchess), the highest dignities in the Serenissima Republic of Venice, until A.D. 1797 (foto Rosario Palese - Editoriale Domus s.p.a.). VIEW

8. Middle portion of the bronze sheath with engraving, from the grave n� 994 of Hallstatt (High Austria), dated at the second half V century B.C.; the name of Hallstatt Civilisation, that began the Iron Age, is taken from this little locality, in the heart of Salzkammergut. It lies upon the steep bank of the Homonym Lake and originally it could be achieved only by the boat. The exploitation of the rock-salt deposit (hall- means just salt) is dated about 1500 B.C. This Civilisation' strength was based at first on rock-salt and copper digging, later on metallurgy. The presence of some celtic graves by the alpine wayside is not enough to demonstrate the Celtics formed a dominating rank over the venetic inhabitants, but it can only prove the local activity of celtic artisans and merchants. Infact, the evidences' examination demonstrates the great preponderance of the venetic culture. The sheath in the picture is a good example in this regard, showing a classical military parade, usual in the art of situla-making (Bompiani). VIEW

9. The same at n� 8 (Bompiani). VIEW

10. Bold�-Dolf�n situla is dated IV century B.C. and was found at Morlungo (Padua); it's representative of Este's Civilisation, too (foto Luciano Fincato - Editoriale Programma). VIEW

11. This is the situla of Vizace/Nesactium, an ancient fortification (denominated "castelliere") around Pola, Southern Istria, whose only a few of fragments remain. The decorations are formed by typical elements of the venetic culture: the customary cart and the holy horse. The Histri population left various evidences of this kind, fact that confirms they belong to the venetic stock. This people become famous for the epic resistance against the Romans. In 178 B.C. the consul A. Manlio Vulsone marched with many legions against the Histri, who opposed to colony of Aquileia strengthening. King Epulone, just elected, led his people to the war, but after two years the capital Vizace was surrounded. Because he no longer could endure the siege, with the other princess decided to throw waves' and sons' corpses from the wall, instead of surrendering, and he transfixed his chest with the sword (Museo Archeologico dell'Istria). VIEW

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