PROPERTY RESTITUTION IN
SLOVENIA --
TEN YEARS OF PROCRASTINATION
Vlado
Bevc *
[
The South Slav Journal, 22 (85-86), Autumn-Winter 2001, pp.77-84 ]
Nationalization of private
property after World War II in the People�s Republic of Slovenia, at the time one
of the constituent republics of Yugoslavia, had a clear purpose: the
destruction of private property and initiative and the expropriation of all
large owners and the Roman Catholic Church as an introduction to total
abolition of private property and economic independence of individuals. To
attain these goals all means in the repertory of a totalitarian communist
regime were used by the political state administration and the judiciary. At
that time human rights, as we understand them today, were flagrantly violated.
The regime used the most brutal Bolshevik methods.
�In 1991, at a time when under the influence of the Slovenian
democratic parties (Slovenian People�s Party, Slovenian Christian Democrats,
and Slovenian Social Democrats) Slovenia was breaking away from Yugposlavia and
seemed to be formally ending the totalitarian communist rule, the
Denationalization (Restitution) Law was enacted by the Slovenian Parliament.
The legislation was intended to correct to some extent the plundering of
private property in the aftermath of World War II. The communists did not dare
to oppose the law too vigorously in the Parliament because of concerns as to
what the future had in store for them and because they thought they might be
able to avoid implementing it.
�
In the first year following the
enactment of the Denationalization (Restitution) Law some property was indeed
returned to the original owners or their heirs. The communists and their
political and ideological successors who were never purged from the government¢s
apparat ensured that preference was
given to persons loyal to the former communist regime and members of the nomenclatura.
It did not take long for the
communists to regroup and defeat the democratic parties in the Parliament. The
government reverted to the ideological successors of the communists who are now
appearing as several political parties, viz., the Liberal Democracy of
Slovenia, Party of the Retired Persons, Slovenian Nationalist Party, The United
List of Social Democrats and, of course, the Communist Party renamed the Party
of Democratic Renewal.[1]
With the advent of the regime of Janez Drnov�ek at the end of 1992, the
implementation of the Denationalization (Restitution) Act was slowed down.
Instructions apparently went out to the authorities processing restitution
claims directing them to delay and obstruct the resolution of these claims.
Only anecdotal evidence of such instructions exists, such as, for instance,
off-guard comments of officials that they were directed to give low priority to
restitution claims. It is not known whether the instructions were actually
given in writing or transmitted orally through the communist party channels.
The fact that the process came to a virtual standstill, however, is documented
in the annual reports to the Parliament and cannot be denied.
�Official records and reports show that to
this date barely one-half of all restitution claims have been resolved.� This does not mean, of course, that the
resolution was always in favor of the claimants. In many cases restitution was
denied or compensation reduced to an insignificant amount.
The Slovenian political nomenclatura never repudiated the expropriations of the post-war period, nor has it apologized to the victims and their families for the systematic destruction of their homes, property, good name, nationality, subsistence, personal freedom and --� often -- their lives. While the Republic of Slovenia may now be making feeble statements attributing its past wrongdoings to the excesses of the former communist regime, its leaders -- former communists and their ideological successors --� remain in power and continue their former practices under the guise of a constitutional democracy. Therefore, it is not surprising that there is no political will to carry out a fair and equitable restitution of seized property. At present the government of Slovenia controls over 70 percent of all property and it is difficult to see how a country with such economic makeup can be expected to evolve into a democratic society.
The implementation of restitution is bogged down in unreasonably long and complicated processes, administrative obstruction and amendments to the Denationalization Law designed to thwart its implementation. At the same time,� the government controlled media (newspapers Delo, Dnevnik, Ve�er, etc., and Radiotelevision Ljubljana) are demonizing the original owners by representing them to be greedy and undeserving individuals who place their own personal interests above those of the country.� Underlying these arguments is the view, inculcated into the population by fifty-five years of communist brainwashing, that private ownership is undesirable and that the government should manage and distribute the nation�s wealth as its leaders see fit. The objective of this propaganda campaign is to secure public support of continued withholding of unjustly seized property from the original owners. Such views are widespread in the administration, the Ministry of Jurisprudencee, the legislature, the leading news media and, of course, among those favored supporters of the communist regime who at present hold and use the confiscated property.
The Slovenian Association of
Former Owners of Expropriated Property (SAFOEP), an organization of the Civil
Society,[2]
that has since 1990 advocated a speedy, fair and equitable return of
expropriated property, initiated a campaign to inform the European Union and
North Atlantic Treaty Organization of the property restitution problems in
Slovenia.
Noting that denial of property rights is a violation of Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948, the Slovenian Association of Former Owners of Expropriated Property (SAFOEP) appealed to the public opinion of the democratic world.
Restitution of property seized by
the communists is now indeed one of the criteria for evaluating Slovenia�s
readiness for admisison to the EU and NATO.�
The question is being raised by member states of the European Union
whose nationals were expropriated for the sole reason that they were nationals
of Germany, including Austrians of German nationality, and Italy. Slovenian
representatives attempt to justify the confiscations by making representations
to the effect that
in accordance with the decrees of AVNOJ[3]
only the property of persons who�
actively collaborated with the Nazis was confiscated. The truth,
however, is that targeted private property and all production resources were
confiscated, irrespective of the owners� political persuasion. The communist
regime established at the end of World War II intended to set up a Soviet
republic and do away with private property as had been done in the Soviet
Union.
In addition to
the questions raised by members of the European Union, the United States, a
leading and most influential member of NATO, has on numerous occasions told
Slovenian officials at the highest level that it considers settlement of
American citizen property restitution claims a key bilateral issue between the
two countries and that it expects that American claims will be settled fairly
and at an early time.[4]
In fact, the United States went even further�
than that by suggesting to the Slovenian government that all property
seized by the communists should be returned to the original owners in
accordance with the Slovenian law. From information presented below, however,
it appears that as far as restitution of property to American citizens is
concerned, the only effective action would be a demand that Slovenia settle
those claims directly with the United States and then distribute the proceeds
through the U.S. Foreign Claims Settlements Commission. This would probably not
cover restitution in kind.
Coincident with the visit of President Bush to Ljubljana in June of this year (2001), the Slovenian Ministry of Jurisprudence issued a memorandum on the status of United States citizen claims intended for persuading any visiting American diplomats that Slovenia is making a good faith effort to solve the problem.[5] The memorandum states that on April 30, 2001, out of the� 469 claims of American citizens 47 percent have been resolved[6] and that in the last year the number of resolved claims increased by 25.7 percent. The fact that a total of 404 decisions have already been issued should be an indication that the government is working hard to settle those claims. The value of the property involved in the resolved claims amounts to 54.3 million Deutschmark (US$ 27.1 million). Of this amount, property valued at 49.2 million Deutschmark (US$ 24.4 million) have been returned.� There still remain 249 outstanding� claims estimated at a total of� 62.7 million Deutschmark (US$ 31.3 million). The valuations of the remaining claims are at best estimates , which are reviewed in the course of the process.[7] The memorandum also states that 36 additional positions have been created for persons who will work on property restitution. An additional 100 million SIT (US$ 400,000) has been appropriated to pay for related expenses. Moreover, all the ministers committed themselves to do everything in their power to expedite the property restitution� proceedings within their respective areas of jurisdiction.
The Slovenian government is well
aware that its handling the property restitution may jeopardize its chances to
become a member of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty
organization.� About one hundred
complaints have already been filed with the European Court of Human Rights by
persons whose property claims simply were not acted upon by the government.
Those complaints will in all likelihood result in fines imposed on Slovenia
because of �the law�s delays�� but will
not result in a direct adjudication of claims by the European Court of Human
Rights.� Although the fines imposed will
only amount to about $10,000 in each case, they will damage the image of
Slovenian jurisprudence. Slovenia, sensitive to appearances, would like to
avoid such outcome. An outright denial of claims would at least remove the
complaint that the claimants were subjected to undue delays which violated
their rights to the due process.
Slovenia is caught in the dillemma
of being committed to the Marxist precepts still embraced by the ruling parties
which demand government control of the nation�s assets� and the demands for giving up a significant
part of those assets which are now in the hands of communist heirs and their
organizations to gain acceptance� as
a� member of EU and NATO. Membership in
these two political entities remains a primary objective of Slovenian foreign
policy because it would enhance the prestige of its regime both at home and
abroad. Therefore Slovenia is trying to gain acceptance by improving its image
without making substantial concessions. To this end the government of Slovenia
recently issued several resolutions designed to create an impression that,
after nine years of delays and chicanery, it is finally making a good faith
effort to implement the Denationalization (Restitution) Law.
Based on these resolutions formal instructions for processing denationalization claims were issued by the Slovenian Ministry for Environment and Space.[8] As noted above, it has previously not been possible to obtain copies of government instructions issued to the administrative authorities processing restitution claims. This time, however, the instructions were released to the public domain. From the released instructions it is possible to see that the Slovenian government intends to expedite the resolution of the outstanding claims by denying as many as possible.
Following are some examples on how certain types of claims will be treated under the new instructions.
It is well known, for example, that many properties were confiscated simply by armed local communists showing up and telling the owners that they are seizing the property. In such cases no decisions were issued giving grounds for confiscation and� there was no recourse to an appeal.� The only evidence that the property was confiscated is a change of the title in government records. For example, a store would be seized and its name changed to a government vending enterprise. In some cases lists of confiscated businesses were prepared which can be retrieved from the archives. Although the businesses in question are listed as confiscated there may be no record of a court decree or other decree of confiscation. Article 4� of the Denationalization (Restitution) Law provides for restitution of properties seized in this way. The instructions effectively annul Article 4� of the Denationalization (Restitution) Law by requiring that all claims for restitution of property that was seized without proper legal authority existing at the time of confiscation be summarily rejected if the victim cannot produce documentary evidence of such confiscation. In other words, documentary evidence is required in cases where none ever existed.
Article 5 of the
Denationalization (Restitution) Law provides for restitution of property that
came into government possession because of duress, threat, or subterfuge
exercised on the victim by a government entity.� The instructions require that all claims under Article 5 of the
Denationalization (Restitution) Law are to be transferred to a court. Except
for the declaration of the victim that he gave up his property under duress and
the improbability that valuable property would be surrendered to the government
for no compensation no other evidence is available in cases of this
nature.� As a rule such evidence is not
adequate in a court that considers government records, if any exist, as
conclusive evidence of a proper transaction. This instruction effectively
annuls Article 5 of the Denationalization (Restitution) Law.
Claims for restitution of property , which the victim was allowed to use for some time after the confiscation, are to be summarily rejected. This includes claims for restitution of property from which the owners were evicted and relocated elsewhere because their property was too close to the national border or some other sensitive facility of the communist government. Persons evicted in this way were usually deported to the interior and may have been given the use, but not the title, of property seized from other persons.
Article 63 of the Denationalization (Restitution) Law requires� the claim processing authorities to seek and discover relevant records required substantiating the claim as part of their official duties. The instructions, on the other hand, direct the administrative units processing restitution claims� to reach for any conceivable technicality, no matter how far-fetched, on the basis of which the claim can be rejected. The instructions effectively annul Article 63 of the Denationalization (Restitution) Law.
In 1998, Article 9 of the Denationalization (Restitution) Law was amended to read: "If a natural person as defined in Articles 3, 4 and 5 of the Denationalization Law was on May 9, 1945 a citizen of Yugoslavia, a foreign national is entitled to restitution only if a like right is, by virtue of an international treaty, accorded to citizens of Slovenia by the state of which the claimant-recoverer is a national.�� �Foreign national� in the above context means a person who on May 9, 1945 had dual citizenship, that is, he was citizen of Yugoslavia and another country, or a person who on May 9, 1945 was a citizen of Yugoslavia and who later acquired citizenship of another country. The Constitutional Court struck out the text �by virtue of an international treaty� October 14, 1998. That wording was put in principally to exclude citizens of the United States of America and other countries from claiming property restitution. As there never was a nationalization of property in the United States there could be no international treaty on reciprocity in restitution matters between the United States and the Republic of Slovenia. An officer of the United States Embassy has reportedly discussed this issue with� Lovro Sturm,� then Justice of the Constitutional Court, whereupon the Constitutional Court struck out the said wording.
Notwithstanding the decision of the Constitutional Court, the instructions specifically require that reciprocity treaties for restitution of property must be established between Slovenia and the other successor republics of� former Yugoslavia. Because no such treaties exist, victims who are now citizens of other successor republics of Yugoslavia will have their claims rejected or postponed indefinitely.� This instruction is in contravention of the Slovenian constitution because it discriminates against claimants who are not citizens of the Republic of Slovenia and annuls Article 9 of the Denationalization (Restitution) Law which provides that all persons who were citizens of Yugoslavia on and after May 9, 1945 are entitled to claim restitution under the law.
The instructions insist that a bilateral agreement between Slovenia and a foreign national�s country is a prerequisite for a foreign national to qualify for restitution. However, as mentioned above, the Constitutional Court in its decision of September 14, 1998 expressly voided the wording requiring an international treaty as a requirement for foreign nationals to qualify as claimants.
The instructions thus discriminate against persons who have dual citizenship. Subjects of specific discrimination are nationals of countries, which were compensated by the former Yugoslavia� for property of their nationals that was confiscated or nationalized in Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia paid some compensation to those countries which presumably distributed the proceeds to their nationals. The instructions require rejection of claims by such dual citizens and their heirs whether their governments compensated them or not.� The already existing practice of delaying claims of foreign nationals, including citizens of the United States, and the practice to treat such claimants in a discriminatory manner is also reinforced.
The instructions direct
the administrative units to raise the question of potential foreign nationality
whenever possible. Thus persons who were citizens of Yugoslavia on May 9, 1945
but who left Yugoslavia to avoid the communist rule, were sometimes stripped of
their Yugoslav citizenship at a later date, often several years after 1945. The
sanction was imposed most frequently on persons of German ethnic origin.� However, because these persons were citizens
of Yugoslavia on May 9, 1945 they are still entitled to claim restitution of
their property under the law. The instruction puts the burden on them to prove
in lengthy court proceedings that they were citizens of Yugoslavia on May 9,
1945� although the very fact that they
were deprived of their� citizenship� at a later date is clear evidence that they
were citizens of Yugoslavia before the date on which they lost their
citizenship.� An even more egregious
situation applies to Slovenian nationals who lived in the territory ceded to
Yugoslavia by Italy after the end of World War II. Most of those persons left
the territory rather than live under communist rule and their property was
immediately confiscated because of that. Those persons, although of Slovenian
national origin,� never were citizens of
Yugoslavia and thus cannot claim restitution of their property under the
Denationalization (Restitution) Law.
�Rather than making the property
restitution process timely, equitable transparent, and non-discriminatory as
United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and Under Secretary of
State Stuart Eizenstat recommended to Slovenian Prime Minister Drnov�ek in
November 1998, the present instructions on implementation of the
Denationalization (Restitution) Law make the process exactly the opposite. The
instructions reveal the full panoply of difficulties and chicanery that persons
claiming restitution are subjected to by the Slovenian authorities. The tenor
of the instructions is that whenever possible restitution claims are to be
denied or tied up in courts by prolonged, convoluted and expensive
litigation.� This has already been the
observed practice but now we also have evidence that such practice is based on
government instructions.
Slovenia remains obdurate in
clinging to its legacy of communism which endures as its characteristic
socio-economic and political trait.� By
deceit and dissembling that small communist enclave seeks to gain admission to
the European Union and the North Atalntic Treaty Organization with which it has
nothing in common.� Members of the NATO
alliance will have to decide whether any putative strategic advantages that
Slovenia may offer outweigh the liabilities of being associated with a nation
that does not share their commitment to the defense of democracy, individual
liberty, free market economy, and the rule of law.�
Acknowledgment: Valuable discussions with Professor Inka Stritar
and information provided by Zdenka Gorjup and Peter� Logar of the Slovenian Association of Former Owners of
Expropriated Property are gratefully acknowledged.
* Visiting Fellow, Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, Stanford, California
[1] The chairman of the Communist Party, Ciril Ribi�i�, for example, is a justice of the Slovenian Supreme Court. He was appointed by Slovenian President Milan Ku�an who is the former chairman of the League of Communists or Communist Party.
[2] The Slovenian Association of Owners of Expropriated Property with headquarters in
Ljubljana (Zdru�enje Lastnikov
Razla��enega Premo�enja, at Adami� Lundrovo Nabre�je 2, Ljubljana,
Slovenia). The Slovenian Association represents the interests of approximately
10 percent of the
Slovenian population, or about �200,000 people. Its Executive Officers
are Professor Inka Stritar, President, Zdenka Gorjup and Peter Logar, Vice
Presidents. The Association's objective is to secure the restitution of or
compensation for expropriated properties. It also seeks recognition of property
rights as a basic human right under Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10,
1948) and Resolution of the Council of Europe No.1096, On Measures for
Dismantling the Heritage of Former Communist Totalitarian Systems Approved June
27, 1996.
[3] AVNOJ � Antifa�isti�ko Vije�e Narodnog Oslobodjenja Jugoslavije - -Antifascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia, legislative assembly set up by Josip Broz � Tito� during the World War II. The AVNOJ decrees were in effect directives for ethnic cleansing of German and Italian nationals from the territory of Yugoslavia.
[4]
COMMUNICATIONS TO SLOVENIA OF THE UNITED STATES
POLICY ON RESTITUTION OF PROPERTY
-- March 20, 1997.� Daniel Fried,
Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director, Central and Eastern
European Affairs, National Security
Council, told Janez Podobnik, President of the Slovenian Parliament, visiting
in Washington, that� the question of
denationalization [restitution] of
confiscated property might be a new small problem in connection with Slovenia�s
aspirations to be included in NATO. Ljubljana
paper Delo, April 8, 1997.
--� May 23, 1997. Secretary of� State Madeleine Albright suggested to Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Drnov�ek, on a visit in Washington, that the United States position was that Slovenia should� resolve and conclude the privatization process, remove limitations on foreigners to own real estate in Slovenia and effectively and fairly accomplish the restitution of property to persons rightfully entitled. She said that� a given number of United States citizens still have outstanding claims and that she expects that this question will be resolved in accordance with the law. Report of the Slovenian Embassy in Washington.
--� July 10, 1997.� Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, on a visit to Ljubljana, Slovenia, repeated her recommendations quoted above to Slovenia�s Foreign Minister and Prime Minister Drnov�ek.
-- February 23, 1998.� Paul Pfeuffer, Country Officer for Slovenia, Department of State, wrote to Slovenian Association of Former Owners of Expropriated Property (ZLRP) in Ljubljana, Slovenia: It is firm U.S. policy to promote restitution of and/or compensation for property expropriated by former communist governments of Central and Eastern Europe by encouraging these countries to settle property claims in a just, fair, timely, and non-discriminatory way. This Administration has taken every opportunity to impress on the Slovene government the importance of addressing expropriated property claims swiftly and equitably. During Secretary Albright�s visit to Slovenia last July [1997], she emphasized to the prime minister and foreign minister the importance the United States attaches to developments in this area. She made similar points to the prime minister in Washington in May [1997]. In January of this year [1998], a high-level U.S. government delegation visited Slovenia to discuss bilateral cooperation; at that time, the issue of property restitution was also addressed. � �����������
--� May 22,
1998. Congressman Steny H. Hoyer, Ranking member of the Commission on Security
and Cooperation in Europe, and Congressman John Edward Porter, member of the CSCE, wrote
a letter to Slovenia�s Premier� Drnov�ek
urging that his government effect restitution of property in a fair, equitable
and timely manner. The letter was�
delivered to the Premier by Congressman Porter.
-- June 16, 1998. At the confirmation hearing for the
United States Ambassador to Slovenia Nancy Halliday
Ely-Raphel,� Senator Gordon H. Smith of
Oregon asked the only question of the nominee, viz., her views on the property
restitution problems in Slovenia. The Ambassador designee replied she was
unaware of any Aoriginally American@
claims. At the conclusion of the hearing, Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., stated that the he and members of the Committee on Foreign Relations would
be watching with interest how Slovenia goes
about the resolution of pending restitution claims. Ambassador Ely-Raphel was
previously a high ranking official of the Department of State Bureau of
Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
--� October 13, 1998.� The House of Representatives adopted House Resolution 562 calling
on all countries to return property
confiscated by the communists to the rightful owners or pay just compensation
for it. The resolution was transmitted to the President.
--� November 17, 1998. James Swigert, Director,
North Central European Affairs, Department of State, wrote to Borut Prah of
American Owners of Property in Slovenia, that: [T]he State Department -- through our Embassy in Ljubljana and
high-level contacts with Slovenian officials here in Washington -- repeatedly
emphasizes that resolution of U.S. citizen property restitution is a key bilateral concern. We have made it
clear that we expect timely, equitable, transparent, and non-discriminatory review of all American citizens= claims. And:
Both Secretary of State Albright and
Under Secretary of State Eizenstat, in separate meetings, raised United States
concerns regarding property restitution directly with Prime Minister Drnovsek during his recent visit to Washington [ in November
1998]. It is our expectation, which we have communicated to the Slovene
government on the highest level, that progress will now be made. We will follow
up on these discussions through our Embassy in Ljubljana..
-- March 23, 1999.� United States Ambassador Nancy Ely-Raphel
met with the Slovenian Minister of Justice Mr. Maru�i� to register her concerns
on behalf of all Slovene-American claimants for restitution. The Ambassador
encouraged the Slovenian government to establish equitable, transparent and
non-discriminatory procedures to evaluate specific claims. From the Ambassador�s
report to the Commission on Security and
Cooperation in Europe it appears that the Slovenian Minister of Justice
attempted to represent to the Ambassador that the failure of the Slovenian
government to implement the Restitution Act appears was the fault of the
Slovenian Constitutional Court, which was a false and misleading information.
-- July 13, 1999. United States Ambassador Nancy Ely-Raphel met again with the Slovenian Minister of Justice. The Minister told the Ambassador that there is no political will to implement restitution in Slovenia.
-- October 30(?), 1999. Ambassador Christopher Hill, Senior Director for European Affairs, National Security Council, met in Washington with Janez Podobnik, Speaker of Slovenia�s parliament. Slovenian daily Dnevnik (a daily of Slovenia�s ruling party) of October 30, 1999 reported that Ambassador Hill observed that �although the Slovenian Restitution Law is very radical, this fact should not be an excuse for failure to implement it.� On November 2, 1999, Dnevnik stated: �With respect to the question of restitution, Slovenia will not yield to pressures from abroad.�
-- December, 1999. Ambassador
Christopher Hill, Senior Director for European Affairs, National Security
Council, met in Washington with Borut �uklje, Slovenia�s Minister of Interior
and Dimitrij Rupel, Slovenia�s Ambassador to the United States. Ambassador Hill
later reported that there were no new developments but that both visitors
acknowledged that a problem had to be addressed. They said this was the legacy of communist practices which
called for expropriation of all persons who collaborated with the Germans,
insinuating that the victims are former quislings.
�-- September 15, 2000. Thomas R. Pickering, Under
secretary of State for Political Affairs, met Slovenia�s Foreign Minister Lojze
Peterle at the United Nations in New York and requested him on behalf of the
United States that Slovenia return property claimed by United States citizens.
-- November 1, 2000. Thomas R.
Pickering, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, wrote:�The Department [of State] has actively
pursued securing restitution and/or compensation in a fair, prompt, and
nondiscriminatory manner that protects the interests of all Americans. I have personally raised this issue
with top Slovenian officials on several occasions and will continue to do so at
every opportunity. Please be assured that we will continue to urge the
Slovenian government to resolve the claims of all American citizens made under
the 1992 Denationalization Law as quickly as possible.�
[5] Memorandum of the Ministry
of Jurisprudence to Ministry Of Foreign Affairs No. 462-09-31/01, dated June
13, 2001.
[6]� This would appear to contradict the statement of Slovenia�s President Milan Ku�an who, speaking at the Cleveland State University in May 2001, stated that Slovenia had paid off most of the 500 property restitution claims of American citizens. The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, May 13, 2001.
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[7]. The claims are constantly being whittled down to insignificant amounts by the various intervening agencies of the Slovenian government.
[8] Republic of Slovenia Ministry For Environment And Space, No. 464-00-19/01, May 8, 2001. Instructions for Implementing Measures for Accelerating Denationalization. Issued by the Minister for the� Environment and Space pursuant to the resolution of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia adopted at the 14th session of 22 February 2001 in the matter of reducing the backlog in processing the denationalization claims at the first level by virtue of authority of article 40 of the Act on Administrative Procedure (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, Nos, 67/94 and 20/95).